participle phrase

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Garlic已经答得很好， Q1)不是prepositional phrase，因为Before/After在这分词子句是作连词用，但分词子句的功用是adverbial Q2)正如，Garlic所说1b可以不要After，但2b却不可以，其理由正如Garlic所说；但因为分词子句可带出时间，理由，条件，结果，有时读的人很难分辨，所以往往我们要加上适当的连接词，使之更清晰，所以不宜删掉它们。 如： While staying in America
he lost his wife. Though living so near his house
I seldom see him. Q3)在我个人的经验看，1b/2b的after/before应是连词 Q4)On 确是preposition Q5)这个问题也曾出现在我心中，在介词后的是分词还是动名词呢？故我曾写信去英文专栏问，并得到以下答复： On arriving in Chicago 等 于 on his arriving in Chicago 或 on his arrival in Chicago ，可 见 把 arriving 当 作 （ 动 ） 名 词 是 不 无 道 理 的 。 英 语 学 者 斯 旺 （ Michael Swan ） 的 《 英 语 用 法 指 南 》 （ Practical English Usage ） Participles: clauses 一节 有 一 句 话 ， 或 可 解 答 读 者 的 问 题 ： Note that -ing forms after prepositions can often be considered as either participles or gerunds -- the dividing line is not clear （ 介 系 词 之 后 的 ing 动 词， 往 往 可 视 为 分 词 或 动 名 词 ， 难 以 清 楚 辨 别 ） 。 斯 旺 在 书 中 把 on arriving in Chicago 之 类 子 句 称 为 分 词 子 句 ， 但 显 然 认 为 只 要 文 法 正 确 ， 子 句 应 列入 哪 一 个 类 别 并 不 重 要 ， 这 一 点 我 绝 对 赞 成 。 希望帮到你！ 2011-06-17 17:48:27 补充： 其实为甚么这样难分，我想是因为英文是受希腊文影响，希腊文的分词就同时具有： 英文分词（修饰作用）和动名词的功用
我分别PR. P 与 GERUND=V~ING的方式是看它是什么角色. 角色是SUBJECT...OBJECT...COMPLEMENT...AFTER A PREP.=GERUND. 角色是VERB...ADJ...ADV.=PARTICIPLE. 它是什么
相当被动
身不由已..........同一PHRASE可以是演绎不同的角色.是要看它摆在什么位置.
Although my English isn't good
I've some opinions in this topic. I don't think it's hard to distinguish if ing form is a gerund or an adjective. Look at you guys' example: While speaking on the phone
she doodled. 2011-06-17 20:49:46 补充： It me: While she was speaking on the phone; she doodled. Thus speaking is an adjective instead of a gerund. The suspect is tried for killing o women. This example is more clear. Killing is a gerund it couldn't be an adjective. 2011-06-17 20:53:01 补充： By appealing to the emotion of the public
the advertisement achieves its end. Appealing is an adjective
because appealing this word appears in an adjective phrase to describe the advertisement. 2011-06-17 20:53:26 补充： Ho-yin
On + -ing 是 prep+NP 组成一个 PP 而
After/berfore + -ing 是 conj + non-finite ... I don't think your way of learning English works
because we have to understand the whole sentence meaning. We have to learn English in many ways. Grammar is only one part of English. 2011-06-18 11:47:45 补充： Can you provide us examples? John resigned this Monday
leaving his followers stunned at how his bright future could be. How do you explain the roles of "leaving" and "stunned"?
我有一点怀疑
我们学-ing 形式时
把它二分为participle和gerund的这种做法
其实根本不恰当
因为出现了难以区分二者的情况. 它们的二分这一概念尚未圆满. 2011-06-17 19:14:26 补充： hahatse: 其实我也看过 Practical English Usage 一书. 这书也说到宁愿叫它做-ing形式
而不叫做动名词/分词 似乎英文中"动名词/现在分词"这两个叫法真的有模糊的地方. 不过即使放弃"动名词/现在分词"这两个叫法
统一地叫做ing形式
我仍可以问它是noun phrase 还是non-finite clause. 2011-06-17 19:15:18 补充： 照大家的意见
On + -ing 是 prep+NP 组成一个 PP 而
After/berfore + -ing 是 conj + non-finite clause 如果大家都没有异议的话
我下一个问题将会是 如何判断一个类似的结构属哪一类.
I shall wer with the best of my knowledge. Q1. I am not a grammarian
I don't know if the phrases in bold type are prepositional phrases. One thing is for sure
they are adverbial phrase. Q2. After can be removed from (1b) but the sentence should be written like this: Having returned my library books
I borrowed some magazines. Before cannot be removed from (2b). A participle phrase implies a causal or sequential relation. The event in the participle phrase takes place before the event in the main clause
as in this example: Feeling hungry
Sue searched the cabis for food. In (2b)
switching off the lights occurs before going out. Without before
the sequence of events are reversed. Q3. In (1a) and (2a)
after and before are conjunctions. In (1b) and (2b)
they are prepositions. Q4. On is a preposition in (3). Q5. being is a participle
not a gerund. 2011-06-17 16:05:44 补充： 关于问题五 hahatse所言甚为有理。多数情况下介词后的-ing 可以用名词替代 Practice is crucial for developing good skills. Practice is crucial for the development of good skills. The suspect is tried for killing o women. The suspect is tried for the killing of o women. 这情况下-ing 应视为gerund。 2011-06-17 16:34:04 补充： 有些句子-ing 难被名词替代 The advertisement works by appealing to the emotion of the public. appealing应是gerund。 By appealing to the emotion of the public
the advertisement achieves its end. gerund还是participle就比较模糊了。 Appealing to the emotion of the public
the advertisement achieves its end. participle无疑。 2011-06-17 16:46:30 补充： On receiving the invoice
payment should be made immediately. 可写成 On the receipt of the invoice
payment should be made immediately. 按我在意见(2)的引伸，问题五的being 确应视为gerund。 2011-06-17 16:53:41 补充： While speaking on the phone
she doodled. speaking 不可能是动名词。speaking 在句中是一个 non-finite verb While 是作连接词之用，不是介词。 2011-06-17 16:58:16 补充： 同意 hahatse 讲，(1b) (2b) after
before 是conjunction，所以其后的 -ing 是participle。